How to be bold?怎么样能大胆？
Note: This is a guest post provided by wikiHow.
“Begin, be bold and venture to be wise.”
“开始，变得大胆而且冒险成为精明的人。”
If you’re shy, hesitant, or passive, you run the risk of leading a boring life marked by routine and unfulfilled goals. Most progress has been led by people who were bold–scientists, political servants, artists, and others who didn’t wait for opportunities; they created opportunities. So if you want to be bold and unstoppable, here are some ways to kick start your momentum.
如果你十分害羞，犹豫不决，或者消极厌世，那么就会过着一种枯燥的生活，总是例行公事并且充满着失败的目标。社会的进步大部分是由那些大胆的科学家、政客、艺术家以及不甘于坐等机会的人取得的，他们积极的创造着各种各样的机会。因此如果你想变得大胆而且勇往直前，以下的一些途径将助你一臂之力。
1. Pretend you’re already bold. 假装你很大胆。
If you were to switch places with somebody who is as bold as bold can be, what would they do in your shoes? If you already know someone who’s bold, imagine how they’d act. If you don’t know anyone like that, think of a character from a movie or book who’s daring and brave. Spend one hour a day or one day a week pretending to be them.
假设你想和某个特别勇敢的人交换位置，试想他们是你的话会做怎么做？如果你已经认识的某个人很大胆，假设一下他们会做出什么样的行为。如果你不了解那样的人，想象一下电影或者书中某个勇敢无畏的角色。每天抽出一个小时，或者每个星期抽出一天的时间假装你就是他们。
When you do this, go somewhere that people don’t know you and won’t act surprised when you do things that are out of character. Go through the motions and see what happens — you might discover that amazing things happen when you’re bold, and you might be convinced to carry this bold behavior into your everyday life. 你这样做时，最好去某些没有人认识你的地方，当你做一些反常态的事情时没有人会感到惊讶的地方，这样做做，看看会发生什么—你变得勇敢时，可能你会发现一些奇妙的事情，也可能你会被说服将这种勇敢的行为渗透到你的日常生活中去。
2. Make the first move.迈出第一步
Whenever you’re feeling hesitant–especially in your interactions with others–swallow your pride and make the first move. Ask your acquaintance if they’d like to go to the bar down the street for drinks after work. Tell the person you fancy that you’ve got two tickets to a concert and you’d like them to come with you. Give your significant other a big hug and apologize for that time you overreacted a few months ago. Smile and wink at the attractive cashier.
只要你感到犹豫不决时，尤其是你在和别人往来时，收敛你的傲气，迈出第一步。问问那些熟人下班后是否愿意去街上的酒吧喝上两杯；告诉你所喜欢的人，你已经买了两张音乐会的门票，想和他们一起去。给你的重要他人一个深深的拥抱，并对你几个月前过激的行为道歉;向出纳员微笑示意。
3. Do something unpredictable.做一些出乎意料的事情
What could you do that would completely surprise the people who know you? Wear high heels? Skydive? Take a dance class? Bold people aren’t afraid of trying new things, and one of the reasons they’re so exciting to be around is that they keep you guessing.
你做的什么事情能够是了解你的人大跌眼镜呢？穿高跟鞋？做特技跳伞动作？参加舞蹈班？大胆的人不怕尝试新鲜事物，他们对周围的事物如此兴奋的原因之一是他们始终让你琢磨不透。
You can start small, perhaps by wearing a color or style of clothing that you don’t normally wear, or visiting a place you normally wouldn’t visit. Eventually, you may get to the point where you entertain ideas that make other people’s eyes widen when you mention them (”Are you serious? White water rafting?” or “You’re kidding me. You want to buy that restaurant on 3rd Street?”).
你可以从很小的事情做起，可以穿一件不同于以往颜色和款式的衣服，甚至去一些你平时不去的地方参观，最后，你可以说出一些让人瞠目结舌的话来（“你是认真的吗？你想玩激流漂？”或者“你逗我呢吧，你想把第三街的餐馆买下来？”）
4. Ask for what you want.要求你想要的
Rather than wait to be recognized for your efforts, or expect someone to consider your needs, step right up to the plate and ask. 与其等着你的努力被认可，或者期待某个人考虑到你的需求，不如径直走到盘子前，要你想要的。
Some people feel that asking for things is greedy, selfish, and rude — and it is, if you’re asking for something you don’t deserve. But if someone is withholding something that you’ve rightfully earned, they’re the ones being greedy, selfish, and rude.
有人觉得索要是贪婪的，自私的，无礼的—的确如此，如果你索要那些你不应得的事物。但是如果有人剥夺了应该属于你的东西，他们才是贪婪的，自私的，无礼的。
Besides, what’s the worst that could happen? They say no. Life goes on.此外，最坏又能怎么样？他们即使拒绝了，我们的生活照样继续。
• Ask for that promotion or pay raise you’ve been waiting (and working) for. 要求你一直期待（并为之努力）的晋升或者加薪。
• Ask for a discount. A little haggling can go a long way. The phrase “What can you do for me?” is an easy and powerful way to save money. 要求打折扣，小小的讨价还价意义深远。这个短语“你能为我做什么？”是一种既简单又强势的省钱方法。
• Ask to have your credit card’s annual fee waived.
要求取消信用卡的年费。
• Ask a relative, friend, or even a complete stranger for help or advice.
要求一位亲戚，朋友，或者甚至一个完全陌生的人提供帮助或者建议。
• Ask for clarification if you’re not sure what is expected of you.
要求澄清一下，如果你不确定他们对你是什么样的期望。
5. Take risks.冒险
There’s a difference between being reckless and accepting risks. Reckless people don’t accept risks… they don’t even think about them. A bold person, on the other hand, is well aware of the risks, and has decided to go through with the decision anyway, ready and willing to accept the consequences if things don’t work out.
鲁莽和冒险是有所区别的，鲁莽的人不会去冒险，他们甚至没有考虑过去冒险。相反，一个勇敢的人，能清楚的意识到危险，并且无论如何都要实施自己的决定，即使没有成功，他们也准备着乐意去接受一切后果。
Think of an athlete who takes risks every day. Are they reckless? No. It’s a measured risk. You might make a mistake; we all do. But inaction can be a mistake as well, one that leads to emptiness and regret. For many people, having taken risks and fallen flat on their faces was far more fulfilling than having done nothing at all想想运动员，每天都在冒险，他们是鲁莽的吗？不，他是一种慎重的冒险。你可能犯了一个错误，我们都会犯的，但是不作为也是一种错误，那样会导致你空虚、懊恼。对于许多人来说，只要冒险了，即使一败涂地，也比什么都没有做强多了。
Likewise, don’t confuse being bold with being aggressive. Aggressiveness often involves imposing your viewpoints or actions on others. Boldness has nothing to do with the people around you; it’s about overcoming your fears and taking action.
同样，不要觉得大胆就是挑衅，挑衅经常是指你把观点或者行为强加给别人。大胆和你周围的人没有关系，大胆是超越畏惧而采取的行动。
Remember that while there’s power in taking on something new, there’s also a greater chance of failure because of your lack of experience. Embrace the failure; it’s not the opposite of success, it’s a necessary component. The opposite of success is sitting still.
记住，既然有尝试新鲜事物动力，那么也会有因为缺少经验而失败的较大的可能性。拥抱失败；失败并非成功的对立面，而是成功必要的因素。成功的对立面是静止不前。
6. Rediscover who you are.重现自我。
Ultimately, boldness has to do with coming from your center, what you believe. It is not about what you do, it is about who you are. If you do not know who you are, you can never be truly bold.
最后，大胆来自于你的内心，你所信奉的。它和你所做的无关，它在乎的是你是谁，如果你不清楚你是谁的话，那么你将永远做不到真正的大胆。
Start really appreciating your uniqueness. Discover what makes you different and then parade it around for all to see. Put flags on it, call attention to it and love yourself for it no matter what others think. That is the heart of boldness.
从真正的欣赏自己的独特性开始，探究你与众不同的地方， 然后向大家玄示一下。为他们做面旗帜，以引起别人的注意，因他而爱自己，不管别人怎么想。这就是大胆的真谛。
2009年1月30日星期五
2009年1月3日星期六
[健康之路]感冒了还能不能做运动，能的话，是好是坏？（上）
[健康之路]感冒了还能不能做运动，能的话，是好是坏？（上）
Health Guide: Colds
Filip Kwiatkowski for The New York Times
Should you work out?
感冒了，还该做运动么？
And if you do, should you push yourself as hard as ever or take it easy? Will exercise have no effect, or make you feel better or worse?
如果你继续，是应该和以前一样强度还是放松一下？作运动有什么影响，是让人感觉好些还是更难受？
It is a question, surprisingly enough, that stumps many exercise physiologists and infectious disease specialists.
更让我们惊奇的是，这个问题，竟然难倒了很多运动生理学家还有传染病学家。
“That question has not been actually studied,” said Dr. Aaron E. Glatt, a spokesman for the Infectious Diseases Society and the president of New Island Hospital in Bethpage, N.Y.
“实际上，这个问题一直没得到研究”，身兼美国传染病协会发言人和美国纽约州Bethpage的新岛医院董事长的Aaron E. Glatt博士说。
Many avid exercisers make up their own rules, and it seems that many of them, like Dr. Michael Joyner, an exercise researcher at the Mayo Clinic who is a swimmer and runner, decide to keep exercising if they possibly can.
很多运动爱好者都有自己的一套运动法则，看来他们中的很多人，会尽可能选择继续做运动，像梅奥临床和医疗中心的运动研究专家Michael Joyner博士，就是其中之一，他自己就是一个游泳和跑步爱好者。
“I can tell you that unless I am really wiped out, I still work out but maybe scale back a bit,” Dr. Joyner said. “I think that would be the answer from most relatively hard-core, old-school types.
“我告诉你，除非我真的不行了，我会继续做运动，但可能降低一点运动强度，”Joyner博士说。“我认为对于大多数传统顽固的运动爱好者来说。”
“If I have an obvious fever and muscle aches,” he continued, “I do very little or take a day or two off, but I really have to be in a bad way to skip more than that.”
Dr. Bill Schaffner, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University and a member of the board of directors of the Infectious Diseases Society, said he was unaware of any studies that addressed the issue.
“如果我有明显的发烧或者肌肉酸痛症状，”他继续讲到，“我可能几乎不作运动了或者，休息一两天，但是我真的病情很严重的话会休息更长时间。”
美国范德堡大学预防医学部主席，美国传染病协会董事会成员之一的Bill Schaffner博士说，他认为还没有任何科学研究对此作出解答。
Dr. Schaffner described himself as a jogger who runs a few miles most days and goes to a gym for resistance training. And, he said, he continues his workouts when he has a cold.
Exercise, he said, makes him feel better. He speculates that perhaps it is because his blood vessels are dilated when he exercises.
Schaffner博士说自己是一个几乎每天都要跑几英里的长跑爱好者，也在健身房做阻力运动训练（无氧运动）。他说，当他感冒了，他会继续做运动。他认为，运动能使他感觉更好些。他推测，这大概是因为运动能使血管扩张的缘故。
“I think exercise pushes me along a route to recovery,” Dr. Schaffner said. “Of course, I recognize that I might have been on a route to recovery anyway. But I can’t think of a reason why exercise would affect you adversely.”
“我想运动能使我更快恢复，”Schaffner博士说。“当然，我也知道无论怎样都会恢复的。但是，我实在找不到任何运动会带来负面作用的理由。”
It turns out that, even though they were unaware of them, the strategies of people like Dr. Schaffner and Dr. Joyner are actually supported by two little-known studies that were published a decade ago in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Results from the studies were so much in favor of exercise that the researchers themselves were surprised.
看起来，尽管人们都毫不知情，但是像Schaffner和Joyner博士等人，采取的运动策略都得到了两个鲜有人知的研究，也就是十年前，发表在《医学与科学》和《体育与运动》上的期刊的支持。从结果来看，如此倾向于支持（感冒后继续）运动，让研究这也感到意外。
The studies began, said Leonard Kaminsky, an exercise physiologist at Ball State University, when a trainer at the university, Thomas Weidner, wondered what he should tell athletes when they got colds.
鲍尔州立大学的一位运动生理学家Leonard Kaminsky说，当时，大学的一个叫 Thomas Weidner的训练师，一直不知道运动员感冒后应当告诉他们什么，就开始了这项研究。
The first question was: Does a cold affect your ability to exercise? To address that, the researchers recruited 24 men and 21 women ages 18 to 29 and of varying levels of fitness who agreed to be deliberately infected with a rhinovirus, which is responsible for about a third of all colds. Another group of 10 young men and women served as controls; they were not infected.
第一个问题是：感冒会不会影响运动能力？为了搞清这个问题，研究者雇佣了18到29不同年龄不同身体状况的24名男性和女性。他们都同意接种“鼻病毒”感染实验--感冒人群中每三个人，其中一个就是感染了此病毒。另外一组中10名男性和女性当作参照物，并不感染此病毒。
At the start of the study, the investigators tested all of the subjects, assessing their lung functions and exercise capacity. Then a cold virus was dropped into the noses of 45 of the subjects, and all caught head colds. Two days later, when their cold symptoms were at their worst, the subjects exercised by running on treadmills at moderate and intense levels. The researchers reported that having a cold had no effect on either lung function or exercise capacity.
研究的开始阶段，调查者测试了所有研究对象，评估了他们的肺功能和运动能力。然后，把感冒病毒滴入45个研究对象的鼻腔里，他们所有人都得上感冒。两天后，当他们的感冒症状最严重的时候，测试对象在跑步机上做中等和剧烈强度的跑步运动。研究者报告感冒不会对肺功能和运动能力有任何影响。
Health Guide: Colds
Filip Kwiatkowski for The New York Times
Should you work out?
感冒了，还该做运动么？
And if you do, should you push yourself as hard as ever or take it easy? Will exercise have no effect, or make you feel better or worse?
如果你继续，是应该和以前一样强度还是放松一下？作运动有什么影响，是让人感觉好些还是更难受？
It is a question, surprisingly enough, that stumps many exercise physiologists and infectious disease specialists.
更让我们惊奇的是，这个问题，竟然难倒了很多运动生理学家还有传染病学家。
“That question has not been actually studied,” said Dr. Aaron E. Glatt, a spokesman for the Infectious Diseases Society and the president of New Island Hospital in Bethpage, N.Y.
“实际上，这个问题一直没得到研究”，身兼美国传染病协会发言人和美国纽约州Bethpage的新岛医院董事长的Aaron E. Glatt博士说。
Many avid exercisers make up their own rules, and it seems that many of them, like Dr. Michael Joyner, an exercise researcher at the Mayo Clinic who is a swimmer and runner, decide to keep exercising if they possibly can.
很多运动爱好者都有自己的一套运动法则，看来他们中的很多人，会尽可能选择继续做运动，像梅奥临床和医疗中心的运动研究专家Michael Joyner博士，就是其中之一，他自己就是一个游泳和跑步爱好者。
“I can tell you that unless I am really wiped out, I still work out but maybe scale back a bit,” Dr. Joyner said. “I think that would be the answer from most relatively hard-core, old-school types.
“我告诉你，除非我真的不行了，我会继续做运动，但可能降低一点运动强度，”Joyner博士说。“我认为对于大多数传统顽固的运动爱好者来说。”
“If I have an obvious fever and muscle aches,” he continued, “I do very little or take a day or two off, but I really have to be in a bad way to skip more than that.”
Dr. Bill Schaffner, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University and a member of the board of directors of the Infectious Diseases Society, said he was unaware of any studies that addressed the issue.
“如果我有明显的发烧或者肌肉酸痛症状，”他继续讲到，“我可能几乎不作运动了或者，休息一两天，但是我真的病情很严重的话会休息更长时间。”
美国范德堡大学预防医学部主席，美国传染病协会董事会成员之一的Bill Schaffner博士说，他认为还没有任何科学研究对此作出解答。
Dr. Schaffner described himself as a jogger who runs a few miles most days and goes to a gym for resistance training. And, he said, he continues his workouts when he has a cold.
Exercise, he said, makes him feel better. He speculates that perhaps it is because his blood vessels are dilated when he exercises.
Schaffner博士说自己是一个几乎每天都要跑几英里的长跑爱好者，也在健身房做阻力运动训练（无氧运动）。他说，当他感冒了，他会继续做运动。他认为，运动能使他感觉更好些。他推测，这大概是因为运动能使血管扩张的缘故。
“I think exercise pushes me along a route to recovery,” Dr. Schaffner said. “Of course, I recognize that I might have been on a route to recovery anyway. But I can’t think of a reason why exercise would affect you adversely.”
“我想运动能使我更快恢复，”Schaffner博士说。“当然，我也知道无论怎样都会恢复的。但是，我实在找不到任何运动会带来负面作用的理由。”
It turns out that, even though they were unaware of them, the strategies of people like Dr. Schaffner and Dr. Joyner are actually supported by two little-known studies that were published a decade ago in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Results from the studies were so much in favor of exercise that the researchers themselves were surprised.
看起来，尽管人们都毫不知情，但是像Schaffner和Joyner博士等人，采取的运动策略都得到了两个鲜有人知的研究，也就是十年前，发表在《医学与科学》和《体育与运动》上的期刊的支持。从结果来看，如此倾向于支持（感冒后继续）运动，让研究这也感到意外。
The studies began, said Leonard Kaminsky, an exercise physiologist at Ball State University, when a trainer at the university, Thomas Weidner, wondered what he should tell athletes when they got colds.
鲍尔州立大学的一位运动生理学家Leonard Kaminsky说，当时，大学的一个叫 Thomas Weidner的训练师，一直不知道运动员感冒后应当告诉他们什么，就开始了这项研究。
The first question was: Does a cold affect your ability to exercise? To address that, the researchers recruited 24 men and 21 women ages 18 to 29 and of varying levels of fitness who agreed to be deliberately infected with a rhinovirus, which is responsible for about a third of all colds. Another group of 10 young men and women served as controls; they were not infected.
第一个问题是：感冒会不会影响运动能力？为了搞清这个问题，研究者雇佣了18到29不同年龄不同身体状况的24名男性和女性。他们都同意接种“鼻病毒”感染实验--感冒人群中每三个人，其中一个就是感染了此病毒。另外一组中10名男性和女性当作参照物，并不感染此病毒。
At the start of the study, the investigators tested all of the subjects, assessing their lung functions and exercise capacity. Then a cold virus was dropped into the noses of 45 of the subjects, and all caught head colds. Two days later, when their cold symptoms were at their worst, the subjects exercised by running on treadmills at moderate and intense levels. The researchers reported that having a cold had no effect on either lung function or exercise capacity.
研究的开始阶段，调查者测试了所有研究对象，评估了他们的肺功能和运动能力。然后，把感冒病毒滴入45个研究对象的鼻腔里，他们所有人都得上感冒。两天后，当他们的感冒症状最严重的时候，测试对象在跑步机上做中等和剧烈强度的跑步运动。研究者报告感冒不会对肺功能和运动能力有任何影响。
[健康之路]感冒了还能不能做运动，能的话，是好是坏？（上）
[健康之路]感冒了还能不能做运动，能的话，是好是坏？
Health Guide: Colds
Filip Kwiatkowski for The New York Times
Should you work out?
感冒了，还该做运动么？
And if you do, should you push yourself as hard as ever or take it easy? Will exercise have no effect, or make you feel better or worse?
如果你继续，是应该和以前一样强度还是放松一下？作运动有什么影响，是让人感觉好些还是更难受？
It is a question, surprisingly enough, that stumps many exercise physiologists and infectious disease specialists.
更让我们惊奇的是，这个问题，竟然难倒了很多运动生理学家还有传染病学家。
“That question has not been actually studied,” said Dr. Aaron E. Glatt, a spokesman for the Infectious Diseases Society and the president of New Island Hospital in Bethpage, N.Y.
“实际上，这个问题一直没得到研究”，身兼美国传染病协会发言人和美国纽约州Bethpage的新岛医院董事长的Aaron E. Glatt博士说。
Many avid exercisers make up their own rules, and it seems that many of them, like Dr. Michael Joyner, an exercise researcher at the Mayo Clinic who is a swimmer and runner, decide to keep exercising if they possibly can.
很多运动爱好者都有自己的一套运动法则，看来他们中的很多人，会尽可能选择继续做运动，像梅奥临床和医疗中心的运动研究专家Michael Joyner博士，就是其中之一，他自己就是一个游泳和跑步爱好者。
“I can tell you that unless I am really wiped out, I still work out but maybe scale back a bit,” Dr. Joyner said. “I think that would be the answer from most relatively hard-core, old-school types.
“我告诉你，除非我真的不行了，我会继续做运动，但可能降低一点运动强度，”Joyner博士说。“我认为对于大多数传统顽固的运动爱好者来说。”
“If I have an obvious fever and muscle aches,” he continued, “I do very little or take a day or two off, but I really have to be in a bad way to skip more than that.”
Dr. Bill Schaffner, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University and a member of the board of directors of the Infectious Diseases Society, said he was unaware of any studies that addressed the issue.
“如果我有明显的发烧或者肌肉酸痛症状，”他继续讲到，“我可能几乎不作运动了或者，休息一两天，但是我真的病情很严重的话会休息更长时间。”
美国范德堡大学预防医学部主席，美国传染病协会董事会成员之一的Bill Schaffner博士说，他认为还没有任何科学研究对此作出解答。
Dr. Schaffner described himself as a jogger who runs a few miles most days and goes to a gym for resistance training. And, he said, he continues his workouts when he has a cold.
Exercise, he said, makes him feel better. He speculates that perhaps it is because his blood vessels are dilated when he exercises.
Schaffner博士说自己是一个几乎每天都要跑几英里的长跑爱好者，也在健身房做阻力运动训练（无氧运动）。他说，当他感冒了，他会继续做运动。他认为，运动能使他感觉更好些。他推测，这大概是因为运动能使血管扩张的缘故。
“I think exercise pushes me along a route to recovery,” Dr. Schaffner said. “Of course, I recognize that I might have been on a route to recovery anyway. But I can’t think of a reason why exercise would affect you adversely.”
“我想运动能使我更快恢复，”Schaffner博士说。“当然，我也知道无论怎样都会恢复的。但是，我实在找不到任何运动会带来负面作用的理由。”
It turns out that, even though they were unaware of them, the strategies of people like Dr. Schaffner and Dr. Joyner are actually supported by two little-known studies that were published a decade ago in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Results from the studies were so much in favor of exercise that the researchers themselves were surprised.
看起来，尽管人们都毫不知情，但是像Schaffner和Joyner博士等人，采取的运动策略都得到了两个鲜有人知的研究，也就是十年前，发表在《医学与科学》和《体育与运动》上的期刊的支持。从结果来看，如此倾向于支持（感冒后继续）运动，让研究这也感到意外。
The studies began, said Leonard Kaminsky, an exercise physiologist at Ball State University, when a trainer at the university, Thomas Weidner, wondered what he should tell athletes when they got colds.
鲍尔州立大学的一位运动生理学家Leonard Kaminsky说，当时，大学的一个叫 Thomas Weidner的训练师，一直不知道运动员感冒后应当告诉他们什么，就开始了这项研究。
The first question was: Does a cold affect your ability to exercise? To address that, the researchers recruited 24 men and 21 women ages 18 to 29 and of varying levels of fitness who agreed to be deliberately infected with a rhinovirus, which is responsible for about a third of all colds. Another group of 10 young men and women served as controls; they were not infected.
第一个问题是：感冒会不会影响运动能力？为了搞清这个问题，研究者雇佣了18到29不同年龄不同身体状况的24名男性和女性。他们都同意接种“鼻病毒”感染实验--感冒人群中每三个人，其中一个就是感染了此病毒。另外一组中10名男性和女性当作参照物，并不感染此病毒。
At the start of the study, the investigators tested all of the subjects, assessing their lung functions and exercise capacity. Then a cold virus was dropped into the noses of 45 of the subjects, and all caught head colds. Two days later, when their cold symptoms were at their worst, the subjects exercised by running on treadmills at moderate and intense levels. The researchers reported that having a cold had no effect on either lung function or exercise capacity.
研究的开始阶段，调查者测试了所有研究对象，评估了他们的肺功能和运动能力。然后，把感冒病毒滴入45个研究对象的鼻腔里，他们所有人都得上感冒。两天后，当他们的感冒症状最严重的时候，测试对象在跑步机上做中等和剧烈强度的跑步运动。研究者报告感冒不会对肺功能和运动能力有任何影响。
Health Guide: Colds
Filip Kwiatkowski for The New York Times
Should you work out?
感冒了，还该做运动么？
And if you do, should you push yourself as hard as ever or take it easy? Will exercise have no effect, or make you feel better or worse?
如果你继续，是应该和以前一样强度还是放松一下？作运动有什么影响，是让人感觉好些还是更难受？
It is a question, surprisingly enough, that stumps many exercise physiologists and infectious disease specialists.
更让我们惊奇的是，这个问题，竟然难倒了很多运动生理学家还有传染病学家。
“That question has not been actually studied,” said Dr. Aaron E. Glatt, a spokesman for the Infectious Diseases Society and the president of New Island Hospital in Bethpage, N.Y.
“实际上，这个问题一直没得到研究”，身兼美国传染病协会发言人和美国纽约州Bethpage的新岛医院董事长的Aaron E. Glatt博士说。
Many avid exercisers make up their own rules, and it seems that many of them, like Dr. Michael Joyner, an exercise researcher at the Mayo Clinic who is a swimmer and runner, decide to keep exercising if they possibly can.
很多运动爱好者都有自己的一套运动法则，看来他们中的很多人，会尽可能选择继续做运动，像梅奥临床和医疗中心的运动研究专家Michael Joyner博士，就是其中之一，他自己就是一个游泳和跑步爱好者。
“I can tell you that unless I am really wiped out, I still work out but maybe scale back a bit,” Dr. Joyner said. “I think that would be the answer from most relatively hard-core, old-school types.
“我告诉你，除非我真的不行了，我会继续做运动，但可能降低一点运动强度，”Joyner博士说。“我认为对于大多数传统顽固的运动爱好者来说。”
“If I have an obvious fever and muscle aches,” he continued, “I do very little or take a day or two off, but I really have to be in a bad way to skip more than that.”
Dr. Bill Schaffner, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University and a member of the board of directors of the Infectious Diseases Society, said he was unaware of any studies that addressed the issue.
“如果我有明显的发烧或者肌肉酸痛症状，”他继续讲到，“我可能几乎不作运动了或者，休息一两天，但是我真的病情很严重的话会休息更长时间。”
美国范德堡大学预防医学部主席，美国传染病协会董事会成员之一的Bill Schaffner博士说，他认为还没有任何科学研究对此作出解答。
Dr. Schaffner described himself as a jogger who runs a few miles most days and goes to a gym for resistance training. And, he said, he continues his workouts when he has a cold.
Exercise, he said, makes him feel better. He speculates that perhaps it is because his blood vessels are dilated when he exercises.
Schaffner博士说自己是一个几乎每天都要跑几英里的长跑爱好者，也在健身房做阻力运动训练（无氧运动）。他说，当他感冒了，他会继续做运动。他认为，运动能使他感觉更好些。他推测，这大概是因为运动能使血管扩张的缘故。
“I think exercise pushes me along a route to recovery,” Dr. Schaffner said. “Of course, I recognize that I might have been on a route to recovery anyway. But I can’t think of a reason why exercise would affect you adversely.”
“我想运动能使我更快恢复，”Schaffner博士说。“当然，我也知道无论怎样都会恢复的。但是，我实在找不到任何运动会带来负面作用的理由。”
It turns out that, even though they were unaware of them, the strategies of people like Dr. Schaffner and Dr. Joyner are actually supported by two little-known studies that were published a decade ago in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Results from the studies were so much in favor of exercise that the researchers themselves were surprised.
看起来，尽管人们都毫不知情，但是像Schaffner和Joyner博士等人，采取的运动策略都得到了两个鲜有人知的研究，也就是十年前，发表在《医学与科学》和《体育与运动》上的期刊的支持。从结果来看，如此倾向于支持（感冒后继续）运动，让研究这也感到意外。
The studies began, said Leonard Kaminsky, an exercise physiologist at Ball State University, when a trainer at the university, Thomas Weidner, wondered what he should tell athletes when they got colds.
鲍尔州立大学的一位运动生理学家Leonard Kaminsky说，当时，大学的一个叫 Thomas Weidner的训练师，一直不知道运动员感冒后应当告诉他们什么，就开始了这项研究。
The first question was: Does a cold affect your ability to exercise? To address that, the researchers recruited 24 men and 21 women ages 18 to 29 and of varying levels of fitness who agreed to be deliberately infected with a rhinovirus, which is responsible for about a third of all colds. Another group of 10 young men and women served as controls; they were not infected.
第一个问题是：感冒会不会影响运动能力？为了搞清这个问题，研究者雇佣了18到29不同年龄不同身体状况的24名男性和女性。他们都同意接种“鼻病毒”感染实验--感冒人群中每三个人，其中一个就是感染了此病毒。另外一组中10名男性和女性当作参照物，并不感染此病毒。
At the start of the study, the investigators tested all of the subjects, assessing their lung functions and exercise capacity. Then a cold virus was dropped into the noses of 45 of the subjects, and all caught head colds. Two days later, when their cold symptoms were at their worst, the subjects exercised by running on treadmills at moderate and intense levels. The researchers reported that having a cold had no effect on either lung function or exercise capacity.
研究的开始阶段，调查者测试了所有研究对象，评估了他们的肺功能和运动能力。然后，把感冒病毒滴入45个研究对象的鼻腔里，他们所有人都得上感冒。两天后，当他们的感冒症状最严重的时候，测试对象在跑步机上做中等和剧烈强度的跑步运动。研究者报告感冒不会对肺功能和运动能力有任何影响。
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